Best ipanic room in st. charles1/10/2024 ‘on the verge of a wind attack’) and (iv) a tendency to have ‘wind attacks.’ 8 to smells) (ii) a great danger of death from heart arrest during states of anxiety 7 (iii) a tendency to be in a state of somewhat increased inner wind (i.e. ![]() 175): (i) multiple symptoms, one of which is increased reactivity to all stimuli (e.g. 6 According to the Khmer conception, a ‘weak heart’ produces (see Figure 2, p. those of general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD) to indicate a ‘weak heart’ ( Hinton, Hinton, Um, Chea, & Sak, 2002). 5 Cambodians also consider anxiety symptoms (e.g. to smells), and (iii) a predisposition to an acute rise in inner wind that is called a ‘wind attack’ ( kaət k hyal) – a ‘wind attack’ usually being diagnosable as a panic attack (see Figure 1). dizziness being caused by a rise of wind into the head), (ii) heightened reactivity to all stimuli (e.g. mild dizziness, gastrointestinal upset, worry, or shakiness) by a pathophysiology of inner wind (e.g. ‘on the verge of a wind attack’) causes (i) symptoms of psychological and somatic anxiety (e.g. 3, 4 According to the Khmer conception, to have increased inner wind and disturbed wind flow (i.e. Khmer refer to a state of somewhat increased inner wind – a state roughly equivalent to anticipatory or general anxiety – with the phrase, ‘on the verge of a wind attack’ ( caŋ kaət k hyal). The Cambodian pathophysiology of ‘wind’ (and related cultural syndromes) profoundly affects the experience of autonomic arousal. ![]() Also, cultural syndromes and associated catastrophic cognitions would seem to play an important part ( Hinton et al., 2000, 2003, 2004 Hinton et al., 2001a, 2001b, 2001c). Why do Cambodians have such high rates of olfactory and other types of panic attacks? In the case of olfactory panic attacks, trauma associations to odors would seem to be one cause (see, e.g. In that study, olfactory-triggered panic attacks associated with flashback were not counted association with flashback would cause the panic attack to be classified as indicative of PTSD rather than panic disorder. 2 One study by our group, which demonstrated an elevated rate of panic disorder (60%), also found that 11% of the Khmer psychiatric outpatients had experienced in the previous 4 weeks a panic attack meeting panic disorder criteria that was triggered by an olfactory stimulus ( Hinton et al., 2000). a fear of the neck vessels bursting from an acute upward rise of wind in the body) (see Hinton, Ba, Peou, Um, 2000 Hinton, Um, & Ba, 2001a, 2001b, 2001c Hinton et al., 2004). panic caused upon moving from a sitting or supine position to standing), and ‘sore neck’ (i.e. Our group has identified unique aspects of the Cambodian refugee’s embodiment of trauma: multiple subtypes of panic attacks – e.g. Though related tasks, both leading to a prioritizing of the body, the two approaches differ. dizziness, heat in the body), examples of the latter being the work of Csordas (1994), Jenkins (1991), Kirmayer (1996), and Kleinman and Kleinman (1994). smell, taste, kinesthetic sense) from an anthropology of sensations (e.g. One must distinguish an anthropology of sensory modalities (e.g. Corbin, 1986) and medical historians ( Classen, 1993 Classen, Howes, & Synott, 1994) have likewise revealed the constructed nature of our experience of smell, for example, olfactory hypervigilance produced by cultural categories and fears (see too, Dulau & Pitte, 1997). ![]() Medical anthropologists attempt to advance an embodied view of human ontology and to demonstrate the profoundly encultured nature of the sensorium (e.g. 1 Not even one survey of the rate of olfactory panic in a clinic population has been conducted. Though sights and sounds are commonly assessed triggers of flashbacks ( Kline & Rausch, 1985), odor cues in individuals diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder have been minimally investigated by psychiatrists and psychologists. The sensory modality of olfaction – whose afferent tracts connect directly to the limbic system – seems to play a pre-eminent role in emotion and alerting to threat ( Ledoux, 1996). Traumatic events are encoded into memory by auditory, olfactory, and visual cues (e.g. In this quotation, Langer highlights the salience of olfaction in the Holocaust traumatic ontology and its centrality in attempted recovery.
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